HOW LEARNING OCCURS? Theories of learning
(psychological orientation) related to metaphysical and educational philosophies that are at the epistemic level (that
provide structures for the instructional aspects of teaching, suggesting methods that are related to their perspective on
learning):
Transmissive Approach- Information
Processing and Behaviorism.
Constructivist Approach - Cognitivism/Constructivism
and Humanism
INFORMATION PROCESSING - focus on knowledge
and how the brain works.
BEHAVIORISM - Shaped by environment,
linked with empiricism, which stresses scientific information and observation. Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, James B. Watson.
COGNITIVISM/CONSTRUCTIVISM - learner
actively constructs his or her own understandings of reality through interaction with objects, events, and people in the environment,
and reflecting on these interactions. Learning occur when an event, object, or experience conflicts with what the
learner already knows. Gestalt psychology, Vygotsky.
HUMANISM - Erasmus,Rousseau and Pestalozzi.
Humanism emphasizes nature and the
basic goodness of humans. The focus is on personal freedom, choice and resposibility.
